Trompe Loeil French for Fool the Eye Would Be Categorized Under Which Art Term?

Art technique

Ceiling of the Treasure Room of the Archaeological Museum of Ferrara (Ferrara, Italy), painted in 1503–1506

Trompe-fifty'œil ( tromp LOY , French: [tʁɔ̃p lœj]; French for 'deceive the eye') is an art technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects exist in iii dimensions. Forced perspective is a comparable illusion in architecture.

History in painting [edit]

Still life, Pompeii, c. AD seventy

The phrase, which can as well be spelled without the hyphen and ligature in English every bit trompe l'oeil,^[1] originates with the creative person Louis-Léopold Boilly, who used it as the title of a painting he exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1800.^[two] Although the term gained currency merely in the early 19th century, the illusionistic technique associated with trompe-l'œil dates much farther back.^[three] It was (and is) frequently employed in murals. Instances from Greek and Roman times are known, for instance in Pompeii. A typical trompe-l'œil mural might draw a window, door, or hallway, intended to suggest a larger room.

A version of an oft-told ancient Greek story concerns a competition between two renowned painters. Zeuxis (born around 464 BC) produced a all the same life painting then convincing that birds flew downwards to peck at the painted grapes. A rival, Parrhasius, asked Zeuxis to judge i of his paintings that was behind a pair of tattered curtains in his study. Parrhasius asked Zeuxis to pull back the curtains, but when Zeuxis tried, he could non, as the curtains were included in Parrhasius'due south painting—making Parrhasius the winner.

Perspective [edit]

A fascination with perspective drawing arose during the Renaissance. But likewise Giotto began using perspective at the end of 1200 with the cycle of Assisi in Saint Francis stories. Many Italian painters of the late Quattrocento, such equally Andrea Mantegna (1431–1506) and Melozzo da Forlì (1438–1494), began painting illusionistic ceiling paintings, mostly in fresco, that employed perspective and techniques such as foreshortening to create the impression of greater space for the viewer below. This blazon of trompe l'œil illusionism equally specifically applied to ceiling paintings is known equally di sotto in sù, meaning "from below, upward" in Italian. The elements above the viewer are rendered every bit if viewed from truthful vanishing betoken perspective. Well-known examples are the Camera degli Sposi in Mantua and Antonio da Correggio's (1489–1534) Assumption of the Virgin in the Parma Cathedral.

Similarly, Vittorio Carpaccio (1460–1525) and Jacopo de' Barbari (c. 1440 – before 1516) added small trompe fifty'œil features to their paintings, playfully exploring the boundary between image and reality. For example, a painted fly might appear to be sitting on the painting'southward frame, or a curtain might announced to partly conceal the painting, a piece of paper might appear to be attached to a board, or a person might announced to be climbing out of the painting altogether—all in reference to the contest of Zeuxis and Parrhasius. In a 1964 seminar, the psychoanalyst and theorist Jacques Lacan (1901–1981) observed that the myth of the two painters reveals an interesting aspect of human noesis. While animals are attracted to superficial appearances, humans are enticed past the thought of things that are hidden.

Quadratura [edit]

Perspective theories in the 17th century immune a more fully integrated approach to architectural illusion, which when used past painters to "open up" the space of a wall or ceiling is known as quadratura. Examples include Pietro da Cortona's Allegory of Divine Providence in the Palazzo Barberini and Andrea Pozzo'south Apotheosis of St Ignatius on the ceiling of the Roman church of Sant'Ignazio.

The Mannerist and Baroque way interiors of Jesuit churches in the 16th and 17th centuries often included such trompe-l'œil ceiling paintings, which optically "open" the ceiling or dome to the heavens with a depiction of Jesus', Mary'south, or a saint's ascension or assumption. An instance of a perfect architectural trompe-l'œil is the illusionistic dome in the Jesuit church, Vienna, past Andrea Pozzo, which is only slightly curved, but gives the impression of true architecture.

Trompe-fifty'œil paintings became very pop in Flemish and later in Dutch painting in the 17th century arising from the evolution of still life painting. The Flemish painter Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrechts created a chantourné painting showing an easel holding a painting. Chantourné literally means 'cutout' and refers to a trompe l'œil representation designed to stand abroad from a wall.^[4] The Dutch painter Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten was a master of the trompe-50'œil and theorized on the role of art every bit the lifelike simulated of nature in his 1678 book, the Introduction to the Academy of Painting, or the Visible World (Inleyding tot de hooge schoole der schilderkonst: anders de zichtbaere werelt, Rotterdam, 1678).^{[5] [6]}

A fanciful form of architectural trompe-l'œil, quodlibet, features realistically rendered paintings of such items as paper knives, playing cards, ribbons, and scissors, patently accidentally left lying around.^[7]

Trompe-l'œil can also be plant painted on tables and other items of furniture, on which, for example, a deck of playing cards might appear to be sitting on the table. A especially impressive example tin can be seen at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, where ane of the internal doors appears to accept a violin and bow suspended from it, in a trompe l'œil painted around 1723 by Jan van der Vaart.^[8] Another example can be institute in the Painted Hall at the Old Imperial Naval College, Greenwich, London. This Wren building was painted past Sir James Thornhill, the first British born painter to be knighted and is a classic example of the Baroque fashion popular in the early 18th century. The American 19th-century still-life painter William Harnett specialized in trompe-50'œil. In the 20th century, from the 1960s on, the American Richard Haas and many others painted big trompe-l'œil murals on the sides of city buildings, and from outset of the 1980s when German Artist Rainer Maria Latzke began to combine classical fresco art with gimmicky content trompe-l'œil became increasingly popular for interior murals. The Spanish painter Salvador Dalí utilized the technique for a number of his paintings.^[9]

In other art forms [edit]

Trompe-l'œil, in the form of "forced perspective", has long been used in phase-theater set up design, so as to create the illusion of a much deeper space than the existing stage. A famous early example is the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza, with Vincenzo Scamozzi's seven forced-perspective "streets" (1585), which appear to recede into the altitude.

Trompe-l'œil is employed in Donald O'Connor's famous "Running up the wall" scene in the moving-picture show Singin' in the Rain (1954). During the finale of his "Brand 'em Laugh" number he offset runs upwards a existent wall. And then he runs towards what appears to be a hallway, but when he runs up this besides we realize that it is a large trompe-l'œil mural. More recently, Roy Andersson has made utilise of similar techniques in his characteristic films.^[10]

Matte painting is a variant of trompe-l'œil, and is used in film production with elements of a scene are painted on glass panels mounted in front of the camera.

Elsa Schiaparelli oft made utilise of trompe-fifty'œil in her designs, about famously mayhap in her Bowknot Sweater, which some consider to be the first apply of trompe-l'œil in mode. The Tears Dress, which she did in collaboration with Salvador Dalí, features both appliqué tears on the veil and tromp-50'œil tears on the apparel itself.^[xi]

Fictional trompe-l'œil appears in many Looney Tunes, such as the Route Runner cartoons, where, for example, Wile E. Coyote paints a tunnel on a stone wall, and the Road Runner then races through the fake tunnel. This is ordinarily followed by the coyote's heedlessly trying to run through the tunnel after the route runner, simply to smash into the hard rock-face. This sight gag was employed in Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

In Chicago's Near Northward Side, Richard Haas used a xvi-story 1929 apartment hotel converted into a 1981 apartment building for trompe-l'œil murals in homage to Chicago schoolhouse architecture. One of the edifice's sides features the Chicago Board of Merchandise Building, intended every bit a reflection of the building located two miles south.^{[12] [thirteen]}

Several contemporary artists utilise chalk on pavement or sidewalk to create trompe-l'œil works, a technique called street painting or "pavement art". These creations terminal only until done away, and therefore must be photographed to be preserved. Practitioners of this course include Julian Beever, Edgar Mueller, Leon Keer, and Kurt Wenner.

The Palazzo Salis of Tirano, Italian republic, has over centuries and throughout the palace used trompe fifty'œil in identify of more than expensive real masonry, doors, staircases, balconies, and draperies to create an illusion of sumptuousness and opulence.^[14]

Trompe-50'œil in the form of illusion architecture and Lüftlmalerei is mutual on façades in the Alpine region.

Trompe fifty'œil, in the form of "illusion painting", is also used in gimmicky interior design, where illusionary wall paintings experienced a Renaissance since around 1980. Significant artists in this field are the German muralist Rainer Maria Latzke, who invented, in the 1990s, a new method of producing illusion paintings, frescography, and the English artist Graham Rust.

OK Go's music video for "The Writing's on the Wall" uses a number of trompe-50'œil illusions alongside other optical illusions, captured through a i-shot have.^[15] Trompe-l'œil illusions have been used equally gameplay mechanics in video games such as The Witness and Superliminal.^[16]

Japanese filmmaker and animator Isao Takahata regarded achieving a sense of trompe-l'œil to be important for his work, stating that an animated world should feel as if it "existed right there" so that "people believe in a fantasy world and characters that no 1 has seen in reality."^[17]

Tourists attractions employing large-scale illusory art assuasive visitors to photograph themselves in fantastic scenes accept opened in several Asian countries, such equally the Trickeye Museum and Hong Kong 3D Museum.^{[18] [19]} Recently a Play tricks Art Museum opened in Europe and uses more photographic approaches.^[20]

Artists [edit]

Paintings [edit]

• Examples of trompe-l'œil paintings

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• 

• 

  Trompe-50'oeil, Jean-François de Le Motte, 1680-1700

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  Trompe l´oeil 1737 by Carl Hofverberg

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  Trompe l'oeil of a wooden panelling with a painted canvas and impress of a landscape capriccio, Jacobus Plasschaert, 1650s

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  Printed Pages. Trompe l'œil by Nicolaas de Wit, 1740

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  Char de la Ville (photographed 2006) - the "sculpture" is a apartment cutout

Murals [edit]

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  Complete anamorphosis of the frontage of the Saint-Georges Theatre

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  Painted windows, Rue de 50'Épée/Zwaard, Brussels

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  Architectural wall and ceiling trompe-50'œil, Archway to the library of Chateau Thal, by Rainer Maria Latzke

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Sculptures [edit]

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  The same bosom seen in profile. The issue is consequent from all angles and from shut up.

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  A modern trompe-l'œil mosaic fountain at Brighton, in the form of a carpet thrown over marble steps.

Compages [edit]

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  The trompe 50'œil choir at Santa Maria presso San Satiro, by Donato Bramante, viewed from the side

Apply in films [edit]

• Singin' in the Rain (1952)
• Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
• Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
• Where the Heart Is (1990)
• Millennium Actress (2001)
• Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
• Bewitched (2005)
• Westworld (Season 1, Episode 7) (2016)

See also [edit]

• 2.5D - enhancement of 2-dimensional graphics past limited application of some 3D furnishings to them
• Bump mapping, normal mapping and parallax mapping - graphical techniques used to add fake details that enhance 2D representations of 3D objects (in the context of that branch of computer graphics that aims to give a realistic 3D view on the screen)
• Cover-up
• Marbling
• Fake painting
• Photorealism
• Anamorphosis
• Listing of art techniques

Notes [edit]

1. ^ For instance past the National Gallery of Art, Washington
2. ^ Taws, Richard (ix May 2019). "At the National Gallery". London Review of Books twoscore (ix): 26–27.
3. ^ "Illusionism". Grove Art Online. (2003).
4. ^ 'Illusion, Delusion, Collusion, and Perceptual Paradox', in: Michael Kubovy and Christopher Tyler, Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Fine art
5. ^ Susan Merriam, 'Seventeenth-century Flemish Garland Paintings: However Life, Vision, and the Devotional Epitome', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012
6. ^ Thijs Weststeijn, 'The Visible World: Samuel Van Hoogstraten'south Art Theory and the Legitimation of Painting in the Dutch Golden Age', Amsterdam University Printing, 2008
7. ^ Curl, James Stevens (2006). A Lexicon of Compages and Mural Architecture (Paperback) (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 880 pages. ISBN0-xix-860678-8.
8. ^ van der Vaardt, January. "Violin and bow hanging from door" (Painting). Devonshire Collection. Chatsworth Firm UK: Bridgeman Fine art Library. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
9. ^ Dali and Postmodernism, p. PA74, at Google Books
10. ^ Bateman, Conor (11 June 2015). "A Dove Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence – An Interview with Cinematographer István Borbás". iv:three. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
11. ^ ""The Tears Dress" by Elsa Schiaparelli and Salvador Dalí". 17 Apr 2018.
12. ^ "The City as Artifact". Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-08-05 .
13. ^ "Mural, Homage to the Chicago School, past Richard Haas, 1980". Chicago Historical Gild. Retrieved 2007-08-05 .
14. ^ Paull, J. (2015) Tirano'southward Palace of Trompe 50'Oeil: A Photographic Exhibition by John Paull Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine SlideShare.
15. ^ Plait, Phil (2014-06-17). "The Writing's on the Wall". Slate. Retrieved 2014-06-18 .
16. ^ Shih, Albert (December ten, 2019). "Perception is Reality: Superliminal Coming to PS4". PlayStation Web log . Retrieved January 6, 2020.
17. ^ Kamen, Matt (March 19, 2015). "Studio Ghibli's Isao Takahata on animating his final film". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 2018-04-07. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
18. ^ "3-D museums: Next big matter for Asia tourism?". CNBC. 28 August 2014.
19. ^ "iii-D art wows visitors | the Straits Times". 13 June 2014.
20. ^ "El museo donde tú eres parte de la obra". ABC. 15 December 2021.

External links [edit]

• Deceptions and Illusions, National Gallery of Fine art exhibition on Trompe-l'œil paintings
• Trompe l'œil Tricks: Borges' Baroque Illusionism, essay by Lois Parkinson Zamora comparing trompe-fifty'œil to the literature of Borges
• Custom trompe l'œil Paintings, Fresco Blog
• murals.trompe-50-oeil.info, More than 10 000 pictures and 1200 Outdoor murals of French republic and Europe
• Paris: Trompe-l'oeil, surréalisme urbain?, Avenue George V. Text and photography by Catherine-Alice Palagret
• "The Mechanics of the Art World," Vistas: Visual Civilization in Castilian America, 1520-1820.
• Play tricks Art Museum: Magic Earth Museum Barcelona

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il

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